{"id":6886,"date":"2014-08-14T18:33:43","date_gmt":"2014-08-15T00:33:43","guid":{"rendered":"http:\/\/www.717madisonplace.com\/?p=6886"},"modified":"2014-10-30T15:13:26","modified_gmt":"2014-10-30T21:13:26","slug":"headings-and-boilerplate-hill-rom-v-stryker","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/www.717madisonplace.com\/?p=6886","title":{"rendered":"Headings and Boilerplate, Hill-Rom v. Stryker"},"content":{"rendered":"

The Hill-Rom v. Stryker<\/span> case decided in June has not gotten a lot of coverage. \u00a0There are some interesting portions of the opinion that will appeal to patent prosecutors.<\/p>\n

Present Invention<\/span><\/p>\n

Judge Moore, writing for the court, gave a summary of recent case law and when the use of the term “present invention” can be limiting:<\/p>\n

Disavowal requires that “the specification [or prosecution history] make[] clear that the invention does not include a particular feature,”\u00a0SciMed Life Sys., Inc. v. Advanced Cardiovascular Sys., Inc.,<\/em> 242 F.3d 1337, 1341 (Fed. Cir. 2001),<\/a> or is clearly limited to a particular form of the invention,\u00a0Edwards Lifesciences LLC v. Cook Inc.,<\/em> 582 F.3d 1322, 1330 (Fed. Cir. 2009)<\/a> (“[W]hen the preferred embodiment is described in the specification as the invention itself, the claims are not necessarily entitled to a scope broader than that embodiment.”) (quotation omitted). For example, we have held that disclaimer applies when the patentee makes statements such as “the present invention requires . . .” or “the present invention is . . .” or “all embodiments of the present invention are . . . .”\u00a0See <\/em>Regents of Univ. of Minn. v. AGA Med. Corp.,<\/em> 717 F.3d 929, 936 (Fed. Cir. 2013)<\/a>;\u00a0Honeywell Int’l, Inc. v. ITT Indus., Inc.,<\/em> 452 F.3d 1312, 1316-19 (Fed. Cir. 2006)<\/a>;\u00a0SciMed,<\/em> 242 F.3d at 1343-44<\/a>;Astrazeneca AB v. Hanmi USA, Inc.,<\/em> 554 F. App’x 912, 915 (Fed. Cir. 2013) (nonprecedential). We have also found disclaimer when the specification indicated that for “successful manufacture” a particular step was “require[d].”\u00a0Andersen Corp. v. Fiber Composites, LLC,<\/em> 474 F.3d 1361, 1367 (Fed. Cir. 2007)<\/a> (“Those statements are not descriptions of particular embodiments, but are characterizations directed to the invention as a whole.”). We found disclaimer when the specification indicated that the invention operated by “pushing (as opposed to pulling) forces,” and then characterized the “pushing forces” as “an important feature of the present invention.”SafeTCare Mfg., Inc. v. Tele-Made, Inc.,<\/em> 497 F.3d 1262, 1269-70 (Fed. Cir. 2007)<\/a>. We found disclaimer when the patent repeatedly disparaged an embodiment as “antiquated,” having “inherent inadequacies,” and then detailed the “deficiencies [that] make it difficult” to use.\u00a0Chicago Bd. Options Exch., Inc. v. Int’l Sec. Exch., LLC,<\/em> 677 F.3d 1361, 1372 (Fed. Cir. 2012)<\/a> (“[T]he specification goes well beyond expressing the patentee’s preference . . . and its repeated derogatory statements about [a particular embodiment] reasonably may be viewed as a disavowal . . . .”). Likewise, we found disclaimer limiting a claim element to a feature of the preferred embodiment when the specification described that feature as a “very important feature . . . in an aspect of the present invention” and disparaged alternatives to that feature.\u00a0Inpro II Licensing, S.A.R.L. v. T-Mobile USA Inc.,<\/em> 450 F.3d 1350, 1354-55 (Fed. Cir. 2006)<\/a>.<\/p>\n

There is no such disclaimer or lexicography here. There are no words of manifest exclusion or restriction. The patents-in-suit do not describe the invention as limited to a wired datalink. There is no disclosure that, for example, the present invention “is,” “includes,” or “refers to” a wired datalink and there is nothing expressing the advantages, importance, or essentiality of using a wired as opposed to wireless datalink. Nor is there language of limitation or restriction of the datalink. Nothing in the specification or prosecution history makes clear that the invention is limited to use of a cable as a datalink. Absent such language, we do not import limitations from the specification into the claims.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

At another point in the opinion, Judge Moore, writing for the court, noted with respect to a different claim term:<\/p>\n

The fact that the specification indicates that in one embodiment, messages are sent to the wall interface unit “in accordance with the present invention,” does not mean that a wall interface unit must be present in all embodiments of the invention. <\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

During oral argument, Judge Moore made the following comments about “embodiments of the present invention”: \u00a0[Listen<\/a>].<\/p>\n

Boilerplate\/Heading<\/span><\/p>\n

The opinion also took into account boilerplate, as well as a heading from the specification. \u00a0Namely, the opinion stated:<\/p>\n

In fact, this specification states that the figures depicting the use of a wired datalink merely “illustrate embodiments of the invention.” `038 patent col. 4 ll. 59-65; <\/span>see also id.<\/em> col. 5 ll. 30-31 (“DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF SPECIFIC EMBODIMENTS”); <\/span>id.<\/em>col. 22 ll. 20-31 (the “description of various embodiments” is not intended “to restrict or in any way limit the scope of the appended claims to such detail”).<\/span><\/p><\/blockquote>\n

I’ve reproduced these sections below.<\/p>\n

\"spec11\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\"spec2\"<\/a><\/p>\n

\"spec3\"<\/a><\/p>\n

What particularly caught my eye was the mention of the heading “Detailed Description of Specific Embodiments.” \u00a0I think many prosecutors these days follow the philosophy of just using the heading “Detailed Description.” \u00a0You can judge for yourself \u00a0in view of this case whether the Federal Circuit has given a stamp of approval to “Detailed Description of Specific Embodiments” as being non-limiting.<\/p>\n

Doctrine of Claim Differentiation<\/span><\/p>\n

The CAFC has been a little bit schizophrenic in how it treats the doctrine of claim differentiation. \u00a0In the Hill-Rom v. Stryker<\/span> oral argument, Judge Schall had the following comments about the role of the doctrine of claim differentiation after Phillips v. AWH<\/span>: \u00a0[Listen<\/a>]. In the Hill-Rom<\/span> opinion, Judge Moore, writing for the court, noted that the doctrine of claim differentiation creates a presumption that a limitation added by a dependent claim is not required by the independent claim:<\/p>\n

The only distinction between claim 1 and claim 2 is the limitation that the “datalink” is a wired datalink. <\/span>See also id.<\/em>claims 10, 18. “[T]he presence of a dependent claim that adds a particular limitation raises a presumption that the limitation in question is not found in the independent claim.” <\/span>Liebel-Flarsheim,<\/em> 358 F.3d at 910<\/a>. This presumption is especially strong where the limitation in dispute is the only meaningful difference between an independent and dependent claim. <\/span>Id.<\/em> Of course, claim differentiation is not a hard and fast rule, and the presumption can be overcome by a contrary construction required by the specification or prosecution history. <\/span>Seachange Int’l, Inc. v. C-COR, Inc.,<\/em> 413 F.3d 1361, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2005)<\/a>. However, nothing in this specification or prosecution history rebuts the presumption established by the doctrine of claim differentiation.<\/span><\/p>\n

Hill-Rom v. Stryker<\/span>, __ F.3d __ (Fed. Cir. 2014).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Note also what the Phillips v. AWH<\/span> en banc<\/em> court said about the DOCD:<\/p>\n

Other claims of the patent in question, both asserted and unasserted, can also be valuable sources of enlightenment as to the meaning of a claim term. <\/span>Vitronics,<\/em> 90 F.3d at 1582<\/a>. Because claim terms are normally used consistently throughout the patent, the usage of a term in one claim can often illuminate the meaning of the same term in other claims. <\/span>See <\/em>Rexnord Corp. v. Laitram Corp.,<\/em> 274 F.3d 1336, 1342 (Fed.Cir.2001)<\/a>; <\/span>CVI\/Beta Ventures, Inc. v. Tura LP,<\/em> 112 F.3d 1146, 1159 (Fed.Cir.1997)<\/a>. Differences among claims can also be a useful guide in understanding the meaning of particular claim terms. <\/span>See <\/em>Laitram Corp. v. Rexnord, Inc.,<\/em> 939 F.2d 1533, 1538 (Fed.Cir.1991)<\/a>. For example, <\/span>1315<\/a>*1315<\/a> the presence of a dependent claim that adds a particular limitation gives rise to a presumption that the limitation in question is not present in the independent claim. <\/span>See <\/em>Liebel-Flarsheim Co. v. Medrad, Inc.,<\/em> 358 F.3d 898, 910 (Fed.Cir.2004)<\/a>.<\/span><\/p>\n

Phillips v. AWH<\/span>, 415 F.3d 1303, 1314-15 (Fed. Cir. 2008).<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

In contrast to Hill-Rom v. Stryker<\/span>, a panel in a recent opinion made no reference to the DOCD presumption.<\/p>\n

We now turn to the extent it should inform the claim<\/p>\n

construction. Albecker\u2019s position is that \u201cif claim 11<\/p>\n

depends on claim 10, it is axiomatic that claim 10 is broad<\/p>\n

enough to include embodiments that have a top cushion<\/p>\n

which is integral and continuous with the foundation.\u201d<\/p>\n

Appellant\u2019s Br. 8. This is essentially a claim differentiation<\/p>\n

argument. And, importantly, \u201c[c]laim differentiation<\/p>\n

is a guide, not a rigid rule.\u201d Laitram Corp. v. Rexnord<\/span>,<\/p>\n

Inc., 939 F.2d 1533, 1538 (Fed. Cir. 1991)) (quoting Auto<\/span><\/span><\/p>\n

giro Co. of Am. v. United States<\/span>, 384 F.2d 391, 404 (Ct. Cl.<\/p>\n

1967)); see also <\/span>Seachange Int\u2019l, Inc. v. C\u2013COR, Inc.<\/span>, 413<\/p>\n

F.3d 1361, 1369 (Fed. Cir. 2005) (reiterating that claim<\/p>\n

differentiation is \u201cnot a hard and fast rule and will be<\/p>\n

overcome by a contrary construction dictated by the<\/p>\n

written description or prosecution history\u201d (citation<\/p>\n

omitted)). Thus, our task is to determine if the evidence<\/p>\n

supporting the district court\u2019s construction is strong<\/p>\n

enough to overcome Albecker\u2019s claim differentiation<\/p>\n

argument.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Albecker v. Contour Products, Inc.<\/span>, 2014-1318 (Fed. Cir. Aug. 7, 2014).<\/p>\n

.<\/p>\n

The opinion in Albecker<\/span> later concludes:<\/p>\n

Accordingly, we hold that the presence of claim 11 is<\/p>\n

insufficient to overcome the strong evidence in the claims,<\/p>\n

specification, prosecution history, and reexamination<\/p>\n

record that the district court\u2019s construction is correct.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n

Albecker v. Contour Products, Inc.<\/span>, 2014-1318 (Fed. Cir. Aug. 7, 2014).
\nYou can read the Hill-Rom v. Stryker<\/span> opinion [here<\/a>].
\nYou can listen to the Hill-Rom v. Stryker<\/span> oral argument: [here<\/a>].<\/p>\n

For more on the Hill-Rom<\/span> case, see Ryan Alley’s blog: \u00a0[Link<\/a>].<\/p>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

The Hill-Rom v. Stryker case decided in June has not gotten a lot of coverage. \u00a0There are some interesting portions of the opinion that will appeal to patent prosecutors. Present Invention Judge Moore, writing for the court, gave a summary of recent case law and when the use of the term “present invention” can be […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.717madisonplace.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6886"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.717madisonplace.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.717madisonplace.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.717madisonplace.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.717madisonplace.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=6886"}],"version-history":[{"count":31,"href":"https:\/\/www.717madisonplace.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6886\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":6998,"href":"https:\/\/www.717madisonplace.com\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/6886\/revisions\/6998"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/www.717madisonplace.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=6886"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.717madisonplace.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=6886"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/www.717madisonplace.com\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=6886"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}